Imperial Folding
Intermodal Container
Description
Stacking shipping containers each with a standard ISO 6346 reporting mark
A typical container has doors fitted at one end, and is constructed of corrugated weathering steel. Containers were originally 8 feet (2,438 mm) wide by 8 feet (2,438 mm) high, and either a nominal 20 feet (6,096 mm) or 40 feet (12,192 mm) long. They could be stacked up to seven units high.
Taller units have been introduced, including ‘hi-cube’ or ‘high-cube’ units at 9 feet 6 inches (2,896 mm) and 10 feet 6 inches (3,200 mm) high.[citation needed]
The United States often uses longer units at 48 ft (14.63 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m). Some rare European containers are often about 2 inches wider at 2.5 m (8 ft 2.4 in) to accommodate Euro-pallets. Australian RACE containers are also slightly wider to accommodate Australia Standard Pallets.
Lighter swap body units use the same mounting fixings as Intermodal containers, but have folding legs under their frame so that they can be moved between trucks without using a crane.
Each container is allocated a standardized ISO 6346 reporting mark (ownership code), four characters long ending in either U, J or Z, followed by six numbers and a check digit.
Container capacity is often expressed in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (length) 8 ft (width) container. As this is an approximate measure, the height of the box is not considered; for example, the 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m) high cube and the 4-foot-3-inch (1.30 m) half height 20-foot (6.10 m) containers are also called one TEU. Similarly, the 45 ft (13.72 m) containers are also commonly designated as two TEU, although they are 45 and not 40 feet (12.19 m) long. Two TEU are equivalent to one forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU).
Types
A Spine Car with a 20 ft tank container and a conventional 20 ft container
Variations on the standard container exist for use with different cargoes including Refrigerated container units for perishable goods, tanks in a frame for bulk liquids, open top units for top loading and collapsable versions. Containerised coal carriers, and ‘bin-liners’ (containers designed for the efficient road/rail transportation of rubbish from cities to recycling and dump sites) are used in Europe.
Container types:
Collapsible ISO
Flushfolding flat-rack containers for heavy and bulky semi-finished goods, out of gauge cargo
Gas bottle
Generator
General purpose dry van for boxes, cartons, cases, sacks, bales, pallets, drums in standard, high or half height
High cube palletwide containers for europallet compatibility
Insulated shipping container
Refrigerated containers for perishable goods
Open top bulktainers for bulk minerals, heavy machinery
Open side for loading oversize pallet
Platform or bolster for barrels and drums, crates, cable drums, out of gauge cargo, machinery, and processed timber
Rolling floor for difficult to handle cargo
Swapbody
Tank containers for bulk liquids and dangerous goods
Ventilated containers for organic products requiring ventilation
Specifications
The following table shows the weights and dimensions of the most common types of containers. The weights and dimensions quoted below are averages. Containers of the same type of produced by different manufacturers may vary slightly in actual size and weight.[citation needed]
20 container
40 container
40 high-cube container
45 high-cube container
imperial
metric
imperial
metric
imperial
metric
imperial
metric
external
dimensions
length
20 0
6.096 m
40 0
12.192 m
40 0
12.190 m
45 0
13.716 m
width
8 0
2.438 m
8 0
2.438 m
8 0
2.438 m
8 0
2.438 m
height
8 6
2.591 m
8 6
2.591 m
9 6
2.896 m
9 6
2.896 m
interior
dimensions
length
18 10 516
5.758 m
39 5 4564
12.032 m
39 4
12.000 m
44 4
13.556 m
width
7 8 1932
2.352 m
7 8 1932
2.352 m
7 7
2.311 m
7 8 1932
2.352 m
height
7 9 5764
2.385 m
7 9 5764
2.385 m
8 9
2.650 m
8 9 1516
2.698 m
door aperture
width
7 8
2.343 m
7 8
2.343 m
7 6″
2.280 m
7 8
2.343 m
height
7 5
2.280 m
7 5
2.280 m
8 5
2.560 m
8 5 4964
2.585 m
volume
1,169 ft
33.1 m
2,385 ft
67.5 m
2,660 ft
75.3 m
3,040 ft
86.1 m
maximum
gross mass
66,139 lb
30,400 kg
66,139 lb
30,400 kg
68,008 lb
30,848 kg
66,139 lb
30,400 kg
empty weight
4,850 lb
2,200 kg
8,380 lb
3,800 kg
8,598 lb
3,900 kg
10,580 lb
4,800 kg
net load
61,289 lb
28,200 kg
57,759 lb
26,600 kg
58,598 lb
26,580 kg
55,559 lb
25,600 kg
Handling and transport
Main article: Intermodal freight transport
Containers can be transported by container ship, semi-trailer truck and freight trains as part of a single journey without unpacking and they are transferred between modes by container cranes at container terminals. Units can be secured during handling and in transit using “twistlock” points located at each corner of the container. Every container has a unique BIC code painted on the outside for identification and tracking, and is capable of carrying up to 2025 tonnes. Costs for transport are calculated in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU).
Rail
When carried by rail, containers may be carried on flatcars or well cars. The latter are specially designed for container transport, and can accommodate double-stacked containers. However the loading gauge of a rail system may restrict the modes and types of container shipment. The smaller loading gauges often found in European railroads will only accommodate single-stacked containers. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, there are sections of the rail network which high-cube containers cannot pass through, or can pass through only on well cars. On the other hand, Indian Railways runs double-stacked containers on flatcars under 25 kV overhead electrical wires. In order to do this, the wire must be at least 7.45 metres (24 ft 5 in) above the track, but IR is able to do so because of its large loading gauge and use of 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge track. China Railways also runs double-stacked containers under overhead wires, but must use well cars to do so since China uses standard gauge and the wires are only 6.6 metres (21 ft 8 in) above the track.
Securing loads in intermodal containers
Main article: Load securing
Application in container
Polyester Strapping and Dunnage Bag application
Polyester Lashing Application
There are many established methods and materials available to stabilize and secure cargo in intermodal containers. Conventional restraint methods and materials such as steel strapping and wood blocking & bracing have been around for decades and are still widely used. Polyester strapping and lashing, synthetic webbings are also common today. Dunnage Bags, also known as “air bags” are used to help keep unit loads in place.
History
GI loads a shipping container
Main article: Containerization
The United States Department of Defense produced specifications for standard containers for military use of 8-foot (2.44 m) by 8-foot (2.44 m) square cross section in units of 10-foot (3.05 m) long in the 1950s.[citation needed] The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) issued standards based upon the US Department of Defense standards between 1968 and 1970, ensuring interchangeability between different modes of transportation worldwide.[citation needed] and they subsequently also became known as ISO containers for this reason.
A global system of intermodal freight transport has developed around these standard containers and new container sizes have been developed to suit different purposes. Since November 2007 48 ft (14.63 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m) containers are used also for international ocean shipments. As of April 2008 the only marine company who offer such containers is APL. However, APL containers have slightly different sizes and weights than standard 48 ft (14.63 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m) containers (that are used in the US by rail and truck services).
International Convention for Safe Containers
The International Convention for Safe Containers is a 1972 regulation by the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization on the safe handling and transport of containers. It decrees that every container travelling internationally is supplied with a “CSC-Plate”.
See also
Dunnage Bags
Intermediate bulk container
Load Securing
Logistics Vehicle System
MIL STD 129
Sun Modular Datacenter
RACE (container)
Shipping container architecture
References
^ “Shipping Container Homes Globally”. http://www.containerhomes-info.com/. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
^ “Container Dimensions”. J S Container Services. http://www.sjonescontainers.co.uk/dimensions.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
^ “Standard Shipping Containers”. Container container. http://www.containercontainer.com/about_containers.aspx. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
^ “Selecting a Container” (PDF). CMA CGM Group. 2006. http://www.cma-cgm.com/Images/ContentManagement/AboutUs/PressRoom/Brochures/Documents/Containers.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
^ Raghvendra, Rao (August 26, 2008). “Rlys reaches higher, sets world record”. IndianExpress.com. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rlys-reaches-higher-sets-world-record/353263/0. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
^ APL: Equipment Specifications – Standard Containers
^ http://www.imo.org/conventions/contents.asp?doc_id=673&topic_id=257
^ International Convention for Safe Containers (Geneva, 2 December 1972)
International Standards
ASTM D5728-00 Standard Practices for Securement of Cargo in Intermodal and Unimodal Surface Transport
ISO 9897:1997 Freight containers Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX) General communication codes
ISO 14829:2002 Freight containers Straddle carriers for freight container handling Calculation of stability
ISO 17363:2007 Supply chain applications of RFID Freight containers
ISO/PAS 17712:2006 Freight containers Mechanical seals
ISO 18185-2:2007 Freight containers Electronic seals
ISO/TS 10891:2009 Freight containers Radio frequency identification (RFID) Licence plate tag
Further reading
“Freight Containers”, 4th edition, ISO, 2006, ISBN 92-67-10426-8
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shipping containers
International Convention for Safe Containers (Geneva, 2 December 1972)
v d e
Intermodal containers
Overview
Containerization Intermodal freight transport Twenty-foot equivalent unit International Container Bureau BIC code
Transport
Container ship Well car
Handling
Container port Container crane Straddle carrier Sidelifter Rubber tyred gantry crane Twistlock
Types
Refrigerated container SECU
Other
Container Shipping Information Service The Box BBC Box Sun Modular Datacenter Shipping container architecture Container (board game)
Categories: Commercial item transport and distribution | Containers | Intermodal containers | Port infrastructureHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009
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